Lesson 6
Using Parallel Form

One of the hallmarks of effective professional communication is order. In the world of business, industry, and government, we want things to stack up neatly, to line up, to be accessible and easily searchable. We like patterns that help orient our brains to presentations of information. That's why, for example, when someone is giving an oral presentation, we really appreciate it when she starts by orienting us to the purpose and structure of her presentation, perhaps by providing and briefly reviewing an outline (in the form of a handout, or maybe on the overhead or data projector).

Outlines display hierarchies of information. Good outlines tell us both what's in a document and how its parts are related to each other. We can see at a glance what the main parts of the document are and what sub-categories fall into each major category. If the author or speaker reveals her principle of organization (as she should), we can even see at a glance the order of importance of the topics, or the order of their difficulty, or their placement on a timeline, etc. These principles of organization are many, and the effective communicator chooses the ones best suited to her purpose and audience.

However, no matter what overarching principles of order are chosen, there is what we might call an "interior principle of order" that applies to every kind of communication, at every level (from the "macro level," the main sections of documents, to the "micro level," individual words within sentences and phrases). This is what we call "parallel form." Let's first consider parallel form as it applies to headings.

Parallel Form in Headings
First of all, you should check to see that all the headings you give to your documents are strong, descriptive noun phrases that correspond well to the subject matter of the sections they head. If your document uses too many one-word subheadings, consider expanding them. Headings are organizational signposts for the reader, and in most documents, they are too few and too short.

However, even documents graced with lots of headings can be less accessible and helpful than they could be if parallel form were respected.

Consider, for example, the following major heading and its three sub-headings:

Problems with New Line of Laptops

Small Keys Make Typing Awkward
Screen Brightness Insufficient
Undersensitivity of Touchpad

Each of these subheadings, considered separately, is absolutely fine. What's not fine is the lack of parallel form between them. Since each is simply an example of some "problem with the new line of laptops," why shouldn't each point be expressed in parallel form, grammatically and stylistically? Why should the reader be subjected to even the slightest demand to reorient his brain when looking at that list of problems? Answer: there is NO good reason.

Let's see if you can edit those subheads to make them parallel in form: Check your edit against these possible answers:

Small Keys Make Typing Awkward
Dim Screen Makes Eyes Tired
Undersensitive Touchpad Makes Pointing/Clicking Difficult

Maybe you don't want to use such long noun phrases for your headings--perhaps because there's not much info under each category, and the entire spread of main heading and subheadings is going to appear on one easily accessible page? Then how about this:

Tiny Keys
Dim Screen
Undersensitive Touchpad

There are many variations. Whatever form you choose, remember to make headings that are coordinate in sense parallel in structure. This helps readers recognize the relationship between blocks of information. And it does wonders for your document's coherence.

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